1 Introduction
Many body organs that we are unaware of and do not value very much are no less wonderful than the marvels of technology that we greatly admire. For example, the biological functions performed by a tiny kidney that we have free of charge can only be partially performed by an expensive and gigantic dialysis machine that requires kidney failure patients to be connected for hours. Yet we know what the kidney does and how it does it. This makes the invention of such life-saving machines possible.
When it comes to the human brain , feelings of admiration, bewilderment, and loss predominate, along with mental stagnation. Despite decades of neurological research by the best minds in the field and major initiatives in brain research, such as the 'Brain Decade' in the 1990s and the 'Brain Initiative' in 2013, the neuron The brain, which consists of billions of nerve cells, is still largely a mystery. As humanity, we have come close to understanding the throbbing mysteries associated with the brain, such as the mind, intelligence, thought, consciousness, imagination, creativity, feelings, emotions, pain, pleasure and motor skills, as well as the regulation of unconscious bodily functions such as digestion, heartbeat and breathing. we are not.
Without this marvelous jelly-like, walnut-shaped organ protected by skull armor, we humans would not have even dreamed of existing beings as we are. The human brain is much more powerful than a powerful computer or central signal processing unit: the brain is home to non-physical limbs that are not part of the human body, such as imagination, intellect, and consciousness. The network of relationships between the physical brain and non-physical limbs or attributes is very intricate and is the source of the brain's mystery.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY: BIOLOGY OF THE BRAIN
From the perspective of physiology , the brain's two clenched fists and its basic building blocks are well known and understood. Although it varies from person to person, an adult human brain weighs about 1.5 kilograms. The brain accounts for about 2% of the total body weight, but consumes about 20-25% of the total oxygen and energy used by the body. Metabolism in the brain mostly uses glucose as an energy source. Glucose deficiency can cause hypoglycemia, that is, low blood sugar, which can result in loss of consciousness. Whether the person is asleep or mentally occupied, the brain consumes the same amount of energy. some animal species. They have much larger brains than humans. The brains of elephants and whales are about 3 and 6 times the size of the human brain, respectively. Obviously, there is no direct relationship between brain size and intelligence.
The human brain consists of about 86 billion (±8 billion) nerve cells called neurons and about the same number of non-neurons but cells that support neurons. Neurons are the units that store and transmit information and therefore serve as the basic information processing unit of the brain. Of these 86 billion neurons, 16 billion (19%) are in the outer layer of the brain called the cerebral cortex , and 69 billion (80%) are in the cerebellum . The brain as a whole works like a powerful microprocessor or computer. It processes information-carrying signals electrically transmitted by nerve fibers throughout the body and sends command-carrying signals to the body.
Brain Activity and Imaging
The summary of the physiology of the brain given above is based on objective observations and careful measurements, and is therefore universally accepted as accurate information as to the degree of accuracy of observations and measurements . Like other scientific knowledge, it is open to development, verification and falsification by independent researchers. Based on what has been discovered so far, the activity level of certain parts of the brain associated with a task
CONSCIOUSNESS
Although we all have an innate intuition and a shared understanding of consciousness , it is difficult to give a clear definition to this fascinating but elusive phenomenon. Consciousness is a mental state and quality closely related to awareness, experience, feeling, introspection, knowing, mindfulness, alertness, responsiveness, thinking, comprehension, will, intention, perception, and recognition of self and others. To put it briefly , consciousness is the awareness of one's own existence and the external world, and the ability to experience, feel, perceive and know. Being aware of one's own existence, inner world and outer world together with the sense of self in a conscious being has a feeling. Things related to the physical world that we perceive with our five senses such as (1) sight, hearing, touch, taste, pleasure, pain, and even the feeling of tickling, and (2) mind (thoughts, ideas, knowledge, imagination, memory) that we are aware of at a certain moment . Things related to the non-physical realm, such as the heart (emotions, inspirations, beliefs, instincts), and desires ( success, wealth, eternal life) make up our current realm of consciousness. For example, wanting to drink water is a natural consequence of becoming conscious of our desire to drink water.
In contrast, an unconscious person, such as an imaginary zombie or a sleepwalker , has no awareness of his or her own self, emotions, and behaviors, despite being physiologically fully functional and exhibiting the same behavior as a conscious human. In other words, there is no one who knows and lives there .So, during a speech, when we notice that the audience is distracted and distracted from us, we say, 'Hello, are you here?' It is common to ask the question. So the lights are on but no one is home. It is also stated that a person who faints is unconscious because he is no longer aware of himself and what is going on around him. The same can be said for people who are in deep sleep or who are under the influence of anesthesia, not counting the dreams they have and remember upon waking. Mental disability (and mental illnesses such as Alzheimer's) is partial intelligence and lack of consciousness, depending on the level of disability. There is no doubt that the increase in the level of electrochemical signal transmission, oxygen consumption or metabolism in those parts of the brain during that task is closely related.
Brain activity map to walk, eat, touch, feel happy, think, sleep, empathize, etc. pairing it with situations and actions gives us a one-to-one correspondence between brain activity and work done . Based on this information, we can predict which part of the brain will be activated when certain feelings or actions are performed, such as fear. Or, by observing brain activity, we can identify the actions being taken by the person or the emotions felt.
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